Development and production of innovative fiber optics

• Different types of microstructured optical fibers:
  - with a large mode field diameter for fiber lasers
  - with a small core for supercontinuum generation and nonlinear light conversion
  - with an air core
  - with a photonic band gap without air holes

• Biforrefringent optical fibers;

• Hydrogen- and radiation-resistant optical fibers;

• Doping of quartz glass with active additives;

• Technological aspects of producing active optical fibers;

• Application of optical fibers with complex structures for sensor applications.

1. K. V. Proskurina, M. I. Skvortsov, E. V. Golikov, S. R. Abdullina, A. V. Dostovalov, O. N. Egorova, S. L. Semenov & S. A. Babin, «Application of a Twin-Core Fiber with Mode Coupling between the Cores for the Narrow-Linewidth Erbium Laser Implementation» Optoelectron. Instrument. Proc. 61, 34–39 (2025).
2. Sapozhnikov D.A., Melnik O.A., Chuchalov A.V., Kovylin R.S., Chesnokov S.A., Khanin D.A., Nikiforova G.G., Kosolapov A.F., Semjonov S.L., Vygodskii Y.S. «Soluble fluorinated cardo copolyimide as an effective additive to photopolymerizable compositions based on di(meth)acrylates: application for highly thermostable primary protective coating of silica optical fiber» International Journal of Molecular Sciences. – 2024. – Vol. 25, N. 10 – P. 5494.
3. Zabegaeva O.N., Kosolapov A.F., Semjonov S.L., Ezernitskaya M.G., Afanasyev E.S., Godovikov I.A., Chuchalov A.V., Sapozhnikov D.A. «Polyamide-imides as novel high performance primary protective coatings of silica optical fibers: influence of the structure and molecular weight» Reactive and Functional Polymers» – 2024 – Vol. 194. – 105775.
4. Egorova O.N., Semjonov S.L., Zhuravlev S.G., Salganskii M.Yu., Yashkov M.V., Ferraro M. «Michelson interferometer based on a fiber with a germanium-doped core and inner cladding for high-temperature sensing» Optical Fiber Technology. – 2024. – Vol. 88. – 104016.
5. Pryamikov Andrei D., Gladyshev Alexey V., Kosolapov Aleksei F., Bufetov Igor' A. «Hollow-core optical fibers: current state and development prospects» Physics-Uspekhi. –2024. – Vol. 67. – P. 129-156.
6. Булатов М.И., Григорьев Н.С., Фофанов А.В., Косолапов А.Ф., Семенов С.Л. «Исследование скорости деградации волоконного световода в медном покрытии» Доклады Российской академии наук. Физика, технические науки. – 2024. – Т. 515, № 1. – С. 67.
7. Denisov A., Dvoyrin V., Kosolapov A., Likhachev M., Velmiskin V., Zhuravlev S., Semjonov S. «All-Glass Single-Mode Leakage Channel Microstructured Optical Fibers with Large Mode Area and Low Bending Loss» Photonics. – 2023. – V. 10, No.4, Paper 465. – P. 1-19.
8. M. I. Bulatov, N. S. Grigoriev, A. F. Kosolapov, and S. L. Semjonov. «Optical Loss in Copper-Coated Multimode Optical Fibers of Different Diameters» Physics of Wave Phenomena, 2022, Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 397–399
9. Olga N. Egorova, Sergey G. Zhuravlev, Oleg I. Medvedkov, Sergey L. Semjonov, «Spectrally multiplexed Bragg gratings in a multicore optical fiber with seven different cores for directional curvature measurements» Optical Fiber Technology, Volume 73, 2022, 103031,
10. Evgeny A. Plastinin, Vladimir V. Velmiskin, Ludmila D. Iskhakova, Alexander V. Kharakhordin, Sergey L. Semjonov «Bismuth-doped optical fiber from nanoporous glass with air cladding» Optical Engineering, 61, 036108, (2022).
11. A.A. Rybaltovsky, O.N. Egorova, S.G. Zhuravlev, B.I. Galagan, S.E. Sverchkov, B.I. Denker, S.L. Semjonov, “Distributed Bragg reflector fiber laser directly written in a composite fiber manufactured by melting phosphate glass in a silica tube” Optics Letters Vol. 44, Issue 14, pp. 3518-3521 (2019).
12. O.N. Egorova, M.E. Belkin, D.A. Klushnik, S.G. Zhuravlev, M.S. Astapovich, and S. L. Semojnov, “Microwave Signal Delay Line Based on Multicore Optical Fiber,” Physics of Wave Phenomena, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 289–292 (2017).
13. O. N. Egorova, M. S. Astapovich, and S. L. Semjonov, “Crosstalk in rectangular cross-section heterogeneous multicore fiber,” Optical Engineering, Vol. 55, No. 9, pp. 090507 -1 -4 (2016).
14. О.Н. Егорова, С.Л. Семенов, Е.М. Дианов, С.Е. Сверчков, Б.И. Галаган, Б.И. Денкер «Световоды с высокой концентрацией активных редкоземельных ионов с сердцевиной из фосфатного и оболочкой из кварцевого стекла» Квантовая электроника, т. 46, № 12, с. 1071-1076 (2016).
15. S.L. Semjonov, O.N. Egorova, O.I. Medvedkov, M.S. Astapovich, A.G. Okhrimchuk, E.M. Dianov, B. I. Denker, B. I. Galagan, S. E. Sverchkov, «Fabrication and Investigation of Active Composite Fibers with Phosphate Core and Silica Cladding» Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 13, Technology, Systems, and Applications. Сер. "Fiber Lasers XIII: Technology, Systems, and Applications", с. 97281P (2016).
16. O.N. Egorova; S.L. Semjonov; O.I. Medvedkov; V.S. Astapovich; A.G. Okhrimchuk; B.I. Galagan; B.I. Denker; S.E. Sverchkov; E.M. Dianov, “High-beam quality, high-efficiency laser based on fiber with heavily Yb3+-doped phosphate core and silica cladding,” Optics Letters, Vol. 40, N. 16, pp. 3762-3765 (2015).
17. O. N. Egorova, S. L. Semjonov, A. K. Senatorov, M. Y. Salganskii, A. V. Koklyushkin, V. N. Nazarov, A. E. Korolev, D. V. Kuksenkov, Ming-Jun Li, and E. M. Dianov, “Multicore fiber with rectangular cross-section,”Optics Letters, Vol. 39, No. 7, pp. 2168-2170 (2014).
18. O.N. Egorova, S.L. Semjonov, V.V. Velmiskin, Yu. P. Yatsenko, S.E. Sverchkov, B. I. Galagan, B.I. Denker, E.M. Dianov, “Phosphate-core silica-clad Er/Yb-doped optical fiber and cladding pumped laser,” Optics Express, Vol. 22, N. 7, pp. 7632-7637 (2014).
19. V.V. Velmiskin, O.N. Egorova, S.L. Semjonov, V. Mishkin, K. Nishchev, «Active material for fiber core made by powder-in-tube method: subsequent homogenization by means of stack-and-draw technique» Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering Microstructured and Specialty Optical Fibres. Сер. "Microstructured and Specialty Optical Fibres" Brussels, p. 84260I (2012).
20. C. Lecaplain, L. Rasoloniana, J. Michaud, A. Hideur, O.N. Egorova, S.L. Semjonov, E.M. Dianov, “Mode-locked all-solid photonic bandgap fiber laser,” Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics, Vol. 107, No.2. 2012. pp. 317-322 (2012).
21. Bufetov I. A., Melkumov M. A., Firstov S. V., Shubin A. V., Semenov S. L., Vel'miskin V. V., Levchenko A. E., Firstova E. G., Dianov E. M., "Optical gain and laser generation in bismuth-doped silica fibers free of other dopants" // OPTICS LETTERS, 36 (2) 166-168 (2011)
22. Zlenko A. S., Dvoyrin V. V., Mashinsky V. M., Denisov A. N., Iskhakova L. D., Mayorova M. S., Medvedkov O. I., Semenov S. L., Vasiliev S. A., Dianov E. M., "Furnace chemical vapor deposition bismuth-doped silica-core holey fiber" // OPTICS LETTERS,36 (13) 2599-2601 (2011)
23. Kosolapov A.F., Pryamikov A.D., Biriukov A.S., Shiryaev V.S., Astapovich M.S., Snopatin G.E., Plotnichenko V.G., Churbanov M. F., Dianov E. M., "Demonstration of CO₂-laser power delivery through chalcogenide-glass fiber with negative-curvature hollow core" // Optics Express, 19 (25) 25723-25728 (2011)
24. Pryamikov A.D., Biriukov A.S., Kosolapov A.F., Plotnichenko V.G., Semjonov S.L., Dianov E.M., "Demonstration of a waveguide regime for a silica hollow - core microstructured optical fiber with a negative curvature of the core boundary in the spectral region > 3.5 mm" // Optics Express, 19 (2) 1441-1448 (2011)
25. А.Н.Денисов, А.Е.Левченко, С.Л.Семенов, Е.М.Дианов, "Микроструктурированные волоконные световоды с большим двулучепреломлением и малой асимметрией поля моды" // Квантовая электроника, 41(6), 243-248 (2011).
26. Alexander N. Denisov; Andrey E. Levchenko; Sergei L. Semjonov; Evgeniy M. Dianov, "Microstructured fiber with high-birefringence and low mode field non-circularity", Fiber Lasers VIII: Technology, Systems, and Applications, edited by Jay W. Dawson, Proceeding of SPIE Vol.7914 (2011) 79142G
27. Ю.П. Яценко, В.О. Назарьянц, А.Ф. Косолапов, М.С. Астапович, В.Г. Плотниченко, Е.М. Дианов, А.Н. Моисеев, М.Ф. Чурбанов, В.В. Дорофеев, А.В. Чилясов, Г.Е. Снопатин, "Дисперсионные и волноводные характеристики микроструктурированных световодов из теллуритного стекла 68TeO2-22WO3-8La2O3-2Bi2O3 для генерации суперконтинуума", Квант. электроника, 2010, 40 (6), 513-518.
28. Yury P. Yatsenko, Alexey F. Kosolapov, Andrey E. Levchenko, Sergey L. Semjonov, and Evgeny M. Dianov, "Broadband wavelength conversion in a germanosilicate-core photonic crystal fiber", Opt. Lett. 34, 2581-2583 (2009)
29. Semjonov S.L., Egorova O.N., Kosolapov A.F, Levchenko A.E.,Velmiskin V.V., Pryamikov A.D.,Salganskiy M.Y., Khopin V.F., Yashkov M.V., Guryanov A.N., Dianov E.M. "LMA fibers based on two-dimensional solid-core photonic bandgap fiber design ", Fiber Lasers VII: Technology, Systems, and Applications, edited by Kanishka Tankala, Jay W. Dawson, Proceeding of SPIE Vol.7580 (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 2010) 7580 18.
30. S.L. Semjonov, V.F. Khopin, M.Y. Salganskiy, A.N. Guryanov, A.F. Kosolapov, I.V. Nikolin, E.M. Dianov, "Multimode Graded-Index Fluorine-Doped Fibers for Harsh Environments Fabricated by MCVD-Method", Proc. CLEO/QELS'2010, San Jose, California, May 16-21, 2010, paper CTuAA5.
31. S. Semjonov, V. Bogatyrev, A. Malinin "Hermetically coated specialty optical fibers", 2nd Workshop on Specialty Optical Fibers and Their Applications (WSOF-2), edited by Juan Hernandez-Cordero, Ismael Torres-Gomez, Alexis Mendez, Proc. of SPIE Vol. 7839, pp. 783912-1 - 783912-4 (2010).
32. Egorova, O N; Semjonov, S L; Kosolapov, A F; Denisov, A N; Pryamikov, A D; Gaponov, D A; Biriukov, A S; Dianov, E M; Salganskii, M Y; Khopin, V F; Yashkov, M V; Gurianov, A N; Kuksenkov, D V, "Single-mode all-silica photonic bandgap fiber with 20-um mode-field diameter", Optics Express, Vol. 16 Issue 16, pp.11735-11740 (2008).
33. R.Herda, S.Kivisto, O.G. Okhotnikov , A.F. Kosolapov, A.E. Levchenko, S.L. Semjonov, and E.M.Dianov, "Environmentally stable mode-locked fiber laser with dispersion compensation by index-guided photonic crystal fiber", IEEE Photon Tech. Lett., Vol. 20, No. 3, 2008, pp. 217-219
34. А. Ф. Косолапов, С. Л. Семенов, А. Н. Денисов, "Механические свойства микроструктурированных световодов на основе высокочистого кварцевого стекла", Неорганические материалы, т. 43, No.3, стр. 362-367 (2007)
35. Семенов С. Л. " Пpочность волоконных световодов на основе кваpцевого стекла пpи pазличных скоpостях нагpужения и возможность ее диагностики", Деформация и разрушение материалов, No.9, 33-41 (2007)
36. С.Л.Семенов, "Влияние ограниченности скорости диффузии воды к дефекту и термофлуктуаций на прочность волоконных световодов после контрольного теста", Краткие сообщения по физике, No. 9, стр. 38-47 (2007).
37. Sergey.Semjonov and G.Scott Glaesemann, " High-speed tensile testing of optical fibers – new understanding for reliability prediction", Chapter 18 In Micro- and Opto-Electronic Materials and Structures: Physics, Mechanics, Design, Reliability, Packaging, Vol.1, Materials Physics, edited by E.Suhir, Y.C.Lee, and C.P.Wong, Berlin: Springer, 2007. ISBN 978-0-387-27974-9, pp. 595-626 (2007)
38. Alexey F. Kosolapov , Sergei L. Semjonov, Alexandr N. Denisov, Evgeny M. Dianov, "Mechanical strength and fatigue of microstructured optical fibers", in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference and The National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (OFC/NFOEC'2007), March 25-19, 2007, Anaheim, CA, USA, (Optical Society of America, Washington, DC, 2007), Paper OThA3 (2007).
39. Vladimir A. Bogatyrev and Sergei Semjonov, "Metal-Coated Fibers", Chapter 15 in Specialty Optical Fibres Handbook, edited by Alexis Mendez and T.F.Morse, Academic Press: Elsiver, 2007, ISBN-10: 012369406X, ISBN-13: 978-0123694065, pp. 491-512 (2007).
40. S.L. Semenov, A.F. Kosolapov, I.V. Nikolin, R. Ramos, V. Vaynshteyn, A. Hartog, "Fiber prfomance in hydrogen atmosphere at high temperature" // Proc. SPIE, Vol. 6193, pp. 61930N - 1-8 (2006)

• The propagation characteristics of optical radiation in a fiber optic light guide with a quartz glass core and a two-dimensional photonic crystal cladding were studied. The cladding consists of elements (cylinders) with a high refractive index, a small ratio of the element diameter to the distance between the centers of adjacent elements (0.1–0.3), and a significant distance between the centers of adjacent elements (approximately 10–12 μm). It was found that this type of fiber can localize radiation in the core in the spectral range corresponding to the fundamental band gap of the photonic crystal cladding. Minimum optical losses are in the range of 1000–1500 nm and amount to 20–30 dB/km, and the spectral width of the core mode localization zone depends on the parameters of the cladding and core and is several hundred nanometers at a level of 100 dB/km.


• It has been discoveredthat in optical fibers with a quartz glass core and a two-dimensional photonic crystal cladding with a ratio of the element diameter to the distance between the centers of adjacent elements less than 0.4, if the fiber core is formed by one missing element of the cladding, the fiber is single-mode across the entire spectral range of the fundamental band gap due to a decrease in the effective refractive index difference between the core and cladding with decreasing wavelength. Taking this effect into account, as well as the experimentally demonstrated feasibility of achieving core mode localization in the fundamental band gap centered near 1000 nm with a sufficiently large core diameter (approximately 20 μm) with acceptable optical losses, a new approach to the creation of active optical fibers with an increased mode field diameter for high-power lasers and amplifiers is proposed. This approach is based on the use of fibers of this design.


• The validity of a new approach to the creation of active composite lightguides using the "rod-in-tube" method with a phosphate glass core and a quartz glass cladding has been substantiated. It has been demonstrated for the first time that this type of lightguide exhibits optical losses of 1–2 dB/m, acceptable for practical use, as well as high mechanical strength of the lightguide itself—5–7 GPa—and its joints, determined by the surface quality of the quartz glass cladding. In erbium- and ytterbium-doped fibers, the differential lasing efficiency relative to the input pump power was 28% with cladding pumping and a fiber length of approximately 50 cm. In fibers doped only with ytterbium, the differential lasing efficiency relative to the input pump power with core pumping was 74% and was achieved with a fiber length of only 5 cm. The achieved lasing efficiency is close to that of silica-based fibers, but the optimal length of the active composite fiber is significantly shorter. The composite fibers were also found to exhibit photosensitivity to radiation at a wavelength of 248 nm, allowing the laser cavity to be formed directly in the active fiber core.


• A new approach to reducing optical crosstalk in multi-core fiber optics has been theoretically predicted and experimentally implemented. This approach involves introducing a low-refractive-index barrier layer between the cores. The presence of such a barrier layer, located at some distance from the cores, reduces the interaction between modes of adjacent cores by reducing the transverse component of the mode field strength in the region of the barrier layer. For the first time, a heterogeneous multi-core fiber optic structure with rectangular cross-section and cores arranged in a single row has been experimentally implemented. It has been experimentally demonstrated that, due to the existence of a preferential bending direction effect due to the rectangular cross-section, this fiber structure helps prevent the increase in optical crosstalk between cores caused by a decrease in the difference in mode propagation constants of adjacent cores as the fiber bending radius approaches a critical value. However, at small bending diameters (less than 1-2 cm), due to the increased coupling of core modes with cladding modes, there is a sharp increase in optical crosstalk.


• A new type of microstructured hollow-core fiber optics has been proposed. This new type of fiber optics also enables the transport of high-power laser radiation over a wide spectral range (from UV to mid-IR). It has been experimentally confirmed that the proposed design of microstructured silica fiber optics enables directionally propagating light in a spectral range down to 4.5 µm, where silica is virtually opaque. The possibility of directional propagation of CO₂ laser radiation in a hollow-core fiber optics based on chalcogenide glass has been demonstrated for the first time.


• A new design of highly birefringent microstructured fiber optics has been developed. The glass core is surrounded by two or more rows of holes of the same diameter with varying spacing between the holes. It has been demonstrated experimentally and theoretically that this design provides significant birefringence (up to 5 10^-4) with low circular asymmetry of the output optical radiation.


• The first air-hole-free optical fiber to be fabricated and studied. It localizes radiation using the bandgap effect and has a small ratio of the diameters of the inhomogeneities in the cladding to the distance between them (0.12). The mode field diameter in this optical fiber at a wavelength of 1 μm was 20 μm with single-mode propagation. Optical losses in the mid-fundamental bandwidth (in the 1000-1200 nm wavelength range) were 20 dB/km with a fiber bend diameter of 30 cm.


• A technique for improving the optical homogeneity of doped silica glass produced by MCVD has been developed to create fiber optics with a large mode spot diameter. An active (ytterbium-doped) fiber optics without air holes has been fabricated and studied for the first time. It localizes radiation using the band gap effect and has a small ratio of the diameters of inhomogeneities in the cladding to the distance between them (0.12). The mode field diameter in this fiber at a wavelength of 1 μm was 18 μm with single-mode propagation.


• A technology has been developed for producing a doped optical material intended for use as the light-guiding core of quartz active fiber optics by sintering powdered oxides of the starting materials. Experiments have shown that this technology enables the production of quartz glass doped with oxides with low vapor pressure at the glass transformation temperature (Al₂O₃, Bi₂O₃, rare earth oxides) in amounts of 2 mol% or more. Optical fibers doped with ytterbium and bismuth oxides were fabricated and studied.


• A study of the mechanical strength and static fatigue of microstructured optical fibers was conducted. It was found that reducing the drawing temperature of the optical fibers does not affect their strength if the surface quality of the holes and the outer surface of the workpiece are of adequate quality. It was also found that such high-strength microstructured lightguides do not exhibit any degradation of their optical and mechanical properties under laboratory conditions, even with unprotected ends. The dependence of the strength and static fatigue parameter of such lightguides on the type of material filling the holes is similar to the behavior of standard high-strength lightguides with the polymer coating removed.


• This is the first comprehensive study of the static fatigue phenomenon of quartz glass (the growth of initial defects ranging from 2-3 nm to 1-2 μm in size) in polymer-coated lightguides in the presence of moisture at various loading rates (from static loading to loading at 104 GPa/sec). Experimental confirmation was obtained of the effect of limiting the crack propagation velocity (in the range of 10^-4-10^-3 m/sec) by the rate of moisture diffusion to the crack tip. The decisive influence of this effect on predicting the durability of optical fibers is demonstrated.
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